glycolic acid/ malic acid/ tartaric acid/ Hydroxyacetic acid
Fruit acid can be obtained from many plants or milk. However, 99% of the fruit acid used in cosmetic industry is synthetic, and the low-concentration fruit acid (less than 3%) only has the function of water-retaining agent. If the concentration of fruit acid is above 4% and the pH value is between 3 and 4, it will have the effect of exfoliating. Fruit acid will stimulate mucous membrane and cause stinging. Fruit acid is mainly used to treat skin aging caused by long-term sun exposure, and can also be used to remove excessive old waste cutin. The amount of glycosaminoglycans in epidermis and dermis will increase, so many studies have found that glycolic acid and lactic acid have anti-aging function. For example, malic acid is often extracted from apples. Slightly different from other AHA families, it also has antioxidant capacity. Glycolic acid is a small molecule in fruit acid, which can easily penetrate into skin. It plays the most rapid role in fruit acid and is often used in skin or hair products. Glycolic acid is slightly irritating, and some people will have allergic reaction with erythema after using it.
ref.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, April 2005, pages 1156–1162
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